Joule heating, a fundamental process converting electrical energy into heat. which can be used to prepare many materials for energy storage. This review explores the multifaceted role of Joule heating. The application of Joule heating in the preparation of graphene, graphene oxide fibers, metastable 2D materials, boron carbon nitride and carbon nanotube, as well as optimization and regeneration of energy storage materials is summarized. Also, we focus on various energy storage systems such as batteries, supercapacitors, electrode material recycling, solid-state electrolyte and current collectors. Additionally, this paper discusses its applications, principles, advantages, and challenges of Joule heating, aimed at enhancing the overall performance and longevity of energy storage materials. By amalgamating crucial insights from existing research, this review aims to comprehensively understand the role and significance of Joule heating in energy storage technologies for energy material applications.